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selenium-java实现滑块验证

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背景

现在越来越多的网站都使用采用滑块验证来作为验证机制，用于判断用户是否为人类而不是机器人。它需要用户将滑块拖动到指定位置来完成验证。

网上上有很多python和node过滑块的案例，但是java的特别少。

本篇文章一起来看下java怎么实现滑块验证。

思路

因为隐私问题，假设有一个网站  www.example.com, 打开后需要点击，那么我们完整的登录流程为：

  1. 打开网站www.example.com

  2. 点击页面右上角login

  3. 在弹出对话框输入用户名

  4. 点击send code 发送邮箱验证码

  5. 弹出滑块，拖动滑动滑块到指定位置，松开鼠标

  6. 查看邮箱验证码，并输入

  7. 点击登录

  8. 获取登录后cookie中返回的token，判断是否登录成功

代码

chromedriver下载地址

下载与自己浏览器对应版本的chromedriver
https://registry.npmmirror.com/binary.html?path=chromedriver/
最新版谷歌浏览器chromedriver下载地址
https://googlechromelabs.github.io/chrome-for-testing/

maven增加如下依赖

 
<!-- selenium-java -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
    <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
    <version>4.8.0</version>
</dependency>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/commons-io/commons-io -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
    <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
    <version>2.15.1</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 获取邮箱验证码 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>javax.mail</groupId>
    <artifactId>javax.mail-api</artifactId>
    <version>1.6.2</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>com.sun.mail</groupId>
    <artifactId>javax.mail</artifactId>
    <version>1.6.2</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 工具类 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>cn.hutool</groupId>
    <artifactId>hutool-all</artifactId>
    <version>5.8.22</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
    <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
    <version>1.18.30</version>
    <scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>


滑块验证


    

  1. 

    先保存无缺口的图片到本地，然后保存有缺的图片到本地。
    

    2. 

  2. 

    将两张图片转换成RGB集合，比较两张图片像素点的RGB值是否相同。
    

    3. 

  3. 

    只要RGB的集合大于一定的误差阈值，则认为该位置为缺口位置。
    

    4. 



核心代码如下：


 
    /**
     * 比较两张截图，找出有缺口的验证码截图中缺口所在位置
     * 由于滑块是x轴方向位移，因此只需要x轴的坐标即可
     *
     * @return 缺口起始点x坐标
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public int comparePicture() throws Exception {
        notchPicture = ImageIO.read(new File("有缺口.png"));
        fullPicture = ImageIO.read(new File("无缺口.png"));
        int width = notchPicture.getWidth();
        int height = notchPicture.getHeight();
        int pos = 70;  // 小方块的固定起始位置
        // 横向扫描
        for (int i = pos; i < width; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < height - 10; j++) {
                if (!equalPixel(i, j)) {
                    pos = i;
                    return pos;
                }
            }
        }
        throw new Exception("未找到滑块缺口");
    }


 
    /**
     * 比较两张截图上的当前像素点的RGB值是否相同
     * 只要满足一定误差阈值，便可认为这两个像素点是相同的
     *
     * @param x 像素点的x坐标
     * @param y 像素点的y坐标
     * @return true/false
     */
    public boolean equalPixel(int x, int y) {
        int rgbaBefore = notchPicture.getRGB(x, y);
        int rgbaAfter = fullPicture.getRGB(x, y);
        // 转化成RGB集合
        Color colBefore = new Color(rgbaBefore, true);
        Color colAfter = new Color(rgbaAfter, true);
        int threshold = 220;   // RGB差值阈值
        if (Math.abs(colBefore.getRed() - colAfter.getRed()) < threshold &&
                Math.abs(colBefore.getGreen() - colAfter.getGreen()) < threshold &&
                Math.abs(colBefore.getBlue() - colAfter.getBlue()) < threshold) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }


移动滑块代码：


 
    /**
     * 移动滑块，实现验证
     *
     * @param moveTrace 滑块的运动轨迹
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public void move(List<Integer> moveTrace) throws Exception {
        // 获取滑块对象
        element = SeleniumUtil.waitMostSeconds(driver, By.cssSelector("div.dv_handler.dv_handler_bg"));
        // 按下滑块
        actions.clickAndHold(element).perform();
        Iterator it = moveTrace.iterator();
        while (it.hasNext()) {
            // 位移一次
            int dis = (int) it.next();
            moveWithoutWait(dis, 0);
        }
        // 模拟人的操作，超过区域
        moveWithoutWait(5, 0);
        moveWithoutWait(-3, 0);
        moveWithoutWait(-2, 0);
        // 释放滑块
        actions.release().perform();
        Thread.sleep(500);
    }

    /**
     * 消除selenium中移动操作的卡顿感
     * 这种卡顿感是因为selenium中自带的moveByOffset是默认有200ms的延时的
     * 可参考:https://blog.csdn.net/fx9590/article/details/113096513
     *
     * @param x x轴方向位移距离
     * @param y y轴方向位移距离
     */
    public void moveWithoutWait(int x, int y) {
        PointerInput defaultMouse = new PointerInput(MOUSE, "default mouse");
        actions.tick(defaultMouse.createPointerMove(Duration.ofMillis(5), PointerInput.Origin.pointer(), x, y)).perform();
    }


为了防止每天频繁登录，可能会被封号。 我们还要实现每天只需要登录一次，其余时间都是免登录


 
// 每天重新登陆一次
File cookieFile = new File("example.cookie.txt" + DateUtil.today());
if (!cookieFile.exists()) {
    // 文件不存在则认为是当天首次登录，清空缓存文件
    FileUtil.del(tempDirect);
}


 
/**
 * 保存cookie
 * @throws IOException
 */
private void saveCookie() throws IOException {
    File cookieFile = new File("example.cookie.txt" + DateUtil.today());
    cookieFile.delete();
    cookieFile.createNewFile();
    FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter(cookieFile);
    BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(fileWriter);

    for (Cookie cookie : driver.manage().getCookies()) {
        bufferedWriter.write((cookie.getName() + ";" +
                cookie.getValue() + ";" +
                cookie.getDomain() + ";" +
                cookie.getPath() + ";" +
                cookie.getExpiry() + ";" +
                cookie.isSecure()));
        bufferedWriter.newLine();
    }
    bufferedWriter.flush();
    bufferedWriter.close();
    fileWriter.close();
}


 
/**
 * 读取cookie加载到浏览器
 * @throws IOException
 */
private void addCookie() throws IOException {
    File cookieFile = new File("example.cookie.txt" + DateUtil.today());
    if (cookieFile.exists()) {
        FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(cookieFile);
        BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(fileReader);

        String line;

        while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
            StringTokenizer stringTokenizer = new StringTokenizer(line, ";");
            while (stringTokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {

                String name = stringTokenizer.nextToken();
                String value = stringTokenizer.nextToken();
                String domain = stringTokenizer.nextToken();
                String path = stringTokenizer.nextToken();
                Date expiry = null;
                String dt;

                if (!(dt = stringTokenizer.nextToken()).equals("null")) {
                    expiry = new Date(dt);
                }

                boolean isSecure = new Boolean(stringTokenizer.nextToken()).booleanValue();
                Cookie cookie = new Cookie(name, value, domain, path, expiry, isSecure);
                driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
            }
        }
    }
}


完整代码


 
package com.fandf.selenium;

import cn.hutool.core.date.DateUtil;
import cn.hutool.core.io.FileUtil;
import cn.hutool.core.util.StrUtil;
import cn.hutool.json.JSONUtil;
import com.fandf.email.EmailService;
import com.fandf.utils.SeleniumUtil;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.PointerInput;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.*;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.*;

import static org.openqa.selenium.interactions.PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE;

/**
 * @author fandongfeng
 * @date 2023-12-10 13:48
 **/
@Slf4j
public class SliderAutomatic implements Closeable {

    private WebDriver driver;

    private Actions actions;

    private WebElement element;

    private JavascriptExecutor js;

    // 带有缺口的验证码
    private BufferedImage notchPicture;

    // 不带有缺口的验证码
    private BufferedImage fullPicture;

    // chromedriver地址
    private final static String chromedriver = "C:UsersAdministratorDesktopchromechromedriver.exe";
    // 浏览器缓存地址
    private final static String tempDirect = "C:UsersAdministratorDesktopchrometemp";

    @Override
    public void close() {
        if (driver != null) {
            driver.quit();
        }
    }

    public String login() throws Exception {
        log.info("开始登录");
        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", chromedriver);

        // 每天重新登陆一次
        File cookieFile = new File("example.cookie.txt" + DateUtil.today());
        if (!cookieFile.exists()) {
            // 文件不存在则认为是当天首次登录，清空缓存文件
            FileUtil.del(tempDirect);
        }


        log.info("清除缓存成功");
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        String userAgent = "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/119.0.0.0 Safari/537.36";
        options.addArguments("--user-agent=" + userAgent);
        options.addArguments("--disable-gpu");
        options.addArguments("--disable-dev-shm-usage");
        options.addArguments("--no-sandbox");
        options.addArguments("--single-process");
        options.addArguments("--disable-setuid-sandbox");
        // 启用自动化扩展
        options.setExperimentalOption("excludeSwitches", Arrays.asList("enable-automation"));
        options.addArguments("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled");
        // 禁用浏览器的安全性
        options.addArguments("--disable-web-security");
        options.addArguments("--allow-running-insecure-content");
        //禁用浏览器的同源策略
        options.addArguments("--disable-features=IsolateOrigins,site-per-process");

        options.addArguments("--user-color: #67cdcc;">+ tempDirect);
        // 设置后台静默模式启动浏览器
//        options.addArguments("--headless=new");


        log.info("设置请求头完成");
        driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
        js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(1,100)");
        actions = new Actions(driver);
        // 先访问在在加载cookie 否则报错 invalid cookie domain
        driver.get("www.example.com");
        // 读取cookie加载到浏览器
        addCookie();
        // 刷新页面
        driver.navigate().refresh();
        if (!isLogin()) {
            log.info("开始登录...");
            // 登录
            loginExample();
            // 登录成功后先刷新
            driver.navigate().refresh();
        } else {
            log.info("免登录成功...");
        }


        String token = null;

        Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
        for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
            log.info("cookie= {}", JSONUtil.toJsonStr(cookie));
            if (cookie.getName().equals("Example-Token")) {
                // 登录成功后会返回token
                log.info("Example-Token 的值为：" + cookie.getValue());
                token = cookie.getValue();
            }
        }

        // token存在则证明登录成功
        if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(token)) {
            saveCookie();
        }

        return token;
    }

    /**
     * 读取cookie加载到浏览器
     *
     * @throws IOException
     */
    private void addCookie() throws IOException {
        File cookieFile = new File("example.cookie.txt" + DateUtil.today());
        if (cookieFile.exists()) {
            FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(cookieFile);
            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(fileReader);

            String line;

            while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
                StringTokenizer stringTokenizer = new StringTokenizer(line, ";");
                while (stringTokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {

                    String name = stringTokenizer.nextToken();
                    String value = stringTokenizer.nextToken();
                    String domain = stringTokenizer.nextToken();
                    String path = stringTokenizer.nextToken();
                    Date expiry = null;
                    String dt;

                    if (!(dt = stringTokenizer.nextToken()).equals("null")) {
                        expiry = new Date(dt);
                    }

                    boolean isSecure = new Boolean(stringTokenizer.nextToken()).booleanValue();
                    Cookie cookie = new Cookie(name, value, domain, path, expiry, isSecure);
                    driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 保存cookie
     *
     * @throws IOException
     */
    private void saveCookie() throws IOException {
        File cookieFile = new File("example.cookie.txt" + DateUtil.today());
        cookieFile.delete();
        cookieFile.createNewFile();
        FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter(cookieFile);
        BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(fileWriter);

        for (Cookie cookie : driver.manage().getCookies()) {
            bufferedWriter.write((cookie.getName() + ";" +
                    cookie.getValue() + ";" +
                    cookie.getDomain() + ";" +
                    cookie.getPath() + ";" +
                    cookie.getExpiry() + ";" +
                    cookie.isSecure()));
            bufferedWriter.newLine();
        }
        bufferedWriter.flush();
        bufferedWriter.close();
        fileWriter.close();
    }

    private void loginExample() throws Exception {
        js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(1,100)");
        // 调出验证码
        WebElement element = SeleniumUtil.waitMostSeconds(driver, By.cssSelector("div.login"));
        element.click();
        element = SeleniumUtil.waitMostSeconds(driver, By.cssSelector("input[name='username']"));
        element.clear();
        element.sendKeys("123456789@163.com");
        log.info("开始登录邮箱123456789@163.com");

        element = SeleniumUtil.waitMostSeconds(driver, By.cssSelector(".SendCode.correct"));
        element.click();
        log.info("点击登录发送邮件完成");
        // 等待验证码出现
        SeleniumUtil.waitMostSeconds(driver, By.cssSelector(".drag-verify-container.veriftyItem"));
        // 等待5秒，网络问题，等待图片显示出来
        log.info("等待5秒，网络问题，等待图片显示出来");
        Thread.sleep(5000);

        // 保存验证码
        saveCode();
        int position = comparePicture();
        log.info("滑块位置：{}", position);
        move(Collections.singletonList(position));
        log.info("移动滑块位置成功，开始等待验证码");
        // 等待10秒，收到邮件
        Thread.sleep(20000);
        // 输入邮箱验证码
        String emailLoginCode = EmailService.getLoginCode();
        element = SeleniumUtil.waitMostSeconds(driver, By.xpath("//*[@id="app"]/div[1]/div/form/div[2]/div[2]/input"));
        element.clear();
        element.sendKeys(emailLoginCode);
        log.info("邮箱验证码为:{}", emailLoginCode);
        // 点击登录
        element = SeleniumUtil.waitMostSeconds(driver, By.xpath("//*[@id="app"]/div[1]/div/form/div[3]/div/button"));
        element.click();
        log.info("登陆成功了");
    }

    /**
     * 移动滑块，实现验证
     *
     * @param moveTrace 滑块的运动轨迹
     * @throws Exception
     */
    private void move(List<Integer> moveTrace) throws Exception {
        // 获取滑块对象
        element = SeleniumUtil.waitMostSeconds(driver, By.cssSelector("div.dv_handler.dv_handler_bg"));
        // 按下滑块
        actions.clickAndHold(element).perform();
        Iterator it = moveTrace.iterator();
        while (it.hasNext()) {
            // 位移一次
            int dis = (int) it.next();
            moveWithoutWait(dis, 0);
        }
        // 模拟人的操作，超过区域
        moveWithoutWait(5, 0);
        moveWithoutWait(-3, 0);
        moveWithoutWait(-2, 0);
        // 释放滑块
        actions.release().perform();
        Thread.sleep(500);
    }

    /**
     * 消除selenium中移动操作的卡顿感
     * 这种卡顿感是因为selenium中自带的moveByOffset是默认有200ms的延时的
     * 可参考:https://blog.csdn.net/fx9590/article/details/113096513
     *
     * @param x x轴方向位移距离
     * @param y y轴方向位移距离
     */
    private void moveWithoutWait(int x, int y) {
        PointerInput defaultMouse = new PointerInput(MOUSE, "default mouse");
        actions.tick(defaultMouse.createPointerMove(Duration.ofMillis(5), PointerInput.Origin.pointer(), x, y)).perform();
    }

    /**
     * 比较两张截图，找出有缺口的验证码截图中缺口所在位置
     * 由于滑块是x轴方向位移，因此只需要x轴的坐标即可
     *
     * @return 缺口起始点x坐标
     * @throws Exception
     */
    private int comparePicture() throws Exception {
        notchPicture = ImageIO.read(new File("有缺口.png"));
        fullPicture = ImageIO.read(new File("无缺口.png"));
        int width = notchPicture.getWidth();
        int height = notchPicture.getHeight();
        int pos = 70;  // 小方块的固定起始位置
        // 横向扫描
        for (int i = pos; i < width; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < height - 10; j++) {
                if (!equalPixel(i, j)) {
                    pos = i;
                    return pos;
                }
            }
        }
        throw new Exception("未找到滑块缺口");
    }

    /**
     * 比较两张截图上的当前像素点的RGB值是否相同
     * 只要满足一定误差阈值，便可认为这两个像素点是相同的
     *
     * @param x 像素点的x坐标
     * @param y 像素点的y坐标
     * @return true/false
     */
    private boolean equalPixel(int x, int y) {
        int rgbaBefore = notchPicture.getRGB(x, y);
        int rgbaAfter = fullPicture.getRGB(x, y);
        // 转化成RGB集合
        Color colBefore = new Color(rgbaBefore, true);
        Color colAfter = new Color(rgbaAfter, true);
        int threshold = 220;   // RGB差值阈值
        if (Math.abs(colBefore.getRed() - colAfter.getRed()) < threshold &&
                Math.abs(colBefore.getGreen() - colAfter.getGreen()) < threshold &&
                Math.abs(colBefore.getBlue() - colAfter.getBlue()) < threshold) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * 获取无缺口的验证码和带有缺口的验证码
     */
    private void saveCode() {
     
        // 隐藏缺口
        // 隐藏滑块
        js.executeScript("document.querySelectorAll('canvas')[0].style='display'");
        js.executeScript("document.querySelectorAll('canvas')[1].hidden='true'");
        WebElement element = SeleniumUtil.waitMostSeconds(driver, By.cssSelector("canvas.main-canvas"));
        File screen = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); //执行屏幕截取
        SeleniumUtil.savePng(screen, "无缺口");
        log.info("保存无缺口的截图完成");

        // 获取有缺口的截图
        // 隐藏滑块
        js.executeScript("document.querySelectorAll('canvas')[1].style='display'");
        js.executeScript("document.querySelectorAll('canvas')[1].hidden='true'");
        WebElement element = SeleniumUtil.waitMostSeconds(driver, By.cssSelector("canvas.main-canvas"));
        File screen = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); //执行屏幕截取
        SeleniumUtil.savePng(screen, "有缺口");
        // 展示滑块
        js.executeScript("document.querySelectorAll('canvas')[1].style='display: block;'");
        log.info("保存有缺口的截图完成");
    }

    /**
     * 通过页面是否有login按钮来判断是否登录
     * T 登录了，  F 未登录
     */
    private boolean isLogin() {
        return !SeleniumUtil.containElement(driver, By.cssSelector("div.login"));
    }


}


 
package com.fandf.utils;

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.time.Duration;

/**
 * @author fandongfeng
 * @date 2023/12/9 18:29
 */
public class SeleniumUtil {

    /**
     * 判断元素是否存在
     *
     * @param driver 驱动
     * @param by     元素定位方式
     * @return 元素控件
     */
    public static boolean containElement(WebDriver driver, By by) {
        try {
            WebDriverWait AppiumDriverWait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(5));
            AppiumDriverWait.until(ExpectedConditions
                    .presenceOfElementLocated(by));
            return true;
        } catch (Exception ignore) {
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Selenium方法等待元素出现
     *
     * @param driver 驱动
     * @param by     元素定位方式
     * @return 元素控件
     */
    public static WebElement waitMostSeconds(WebDriver driver, By by) {
        try {
            WebDriverWait AppiumDriverWait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(5));
            return (WebElement) AppiumDriverWait.until(ExpectedConditions
                    .presenceOfElementLocated(by));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        throw new NoSuchElementException("元素控件未出现");
    }

    /**
     * 保存截图的方法
     *
     * @param screen 元素截图
     * @param name   截图保存名字
     */
    public static void savePng(File screen, String name) {
        String screenShortName = name + ".png";
        try {
            System.out.println("save screenshot");
            FileUtils.copyFile(screen, new File(screenShortName));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("save screenshot fail");
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            System.out.println("save screenshot finish");
        }
    }

}


原文始发于微信公众号（好好学技术）：selenium-java实现滑块验证

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